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What Is Acanthosis Nigricans? Have you recently noticed a peculiar darkening skin in certain areas? Perhaps around your neck or under your arms? If yes, you might be witnessing signs of a condition known as acanthosis nigricans. The medical term might seem a little intimidating at first, we are here to explain it in simple terms. Acanthosis nigricans is a skin condition characterised by dark, thickened patches that feel velvety to the touch. These patches usually appear in body folds and creases, such as the armpits, groin, and back of the neck. It's especially common in people with obesity and can sometimes indicate an underlying health issue like diabetes or, in rare cases, cancer. But don’t worry! With early detection and appropriate treatment, it’s manageable. Where Does Acanthosis Nigricans Appear? The unique characteristic of acanthosis nigricans is that it appears on specific parts of the body. Usually, these are areas where your skin folds over itself or rubs together. Commonly affected areas include: Armpits Back of the neck Groin area Elbows Knees Knuckles Rarely, it can also develop on the face, palms, soles of feet, or underneath female breasts. It becomes important to monitor these areas closely for any changes in the skin's texture or colour. Is Acanthosis Nigricans Contagious? Acanthosis nigricans is not contagious. It cannot be transmitted from one person to another, nor can it be contracted through contact with an affected individual. Is Acanthosis Nigricans Dangerous? Acanthosis nigricans itself is not a dangerous or life-threatening condition. However, it can be a warning sign of underlying health issues that require attention. The severity of acanthosis nigricans depends on the underlying cause: Acanthosis nigricans can be associated with cancer, especially gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas or genitourinary cancers, is considered malignant acanthosis nigricans. This type has a rapid onset and is a sign of advanced cancer. Sudden or rapid development of acanthosis nigricans may indicate an underlying malignancy and warrants further investigation. In rare cases, acanthosis nigricans can occur on mucous membranes like the nose, mouth, esophagus or larynx, which may cause complications. Who Gets Acanthosis Nigricans?   Acanthosis nigricans affects both men and women equally. It is especially prevalent in people with following risk factors: Overweight or obese people Diabetics or those with prediabetic conditions Individuals with a family history of acanthosis nigricans Additionally, children who develop this condition have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the future. Moreover, studies in India have shown significant prevalence among adolescents who are obese or have low physical activity levels. Does Acanthosis Nigricans Mean I Have Diabetes? Acanthosis nigricans can be an indicator of insulin resistance, which is often linked with diabetes. Although having acanthosis nigricans does not guarantee a diabetes diagnosis, it is a common warning sign that may require further evaluation. An acanthosis nigricans diagnosis usually involves a physical exam and possibly blood tests to check blood sugar levels and other related issues. If diabetes or another underlying condition is identified, an appropriate acanthosis nigricans treatment can help manage both skin conditions and any underlying health issue. Addressing root causes, like improving diet and increasing physical activity, can lead to a reduction in the dark patches associated with acanthosis nigricans. How Common Is Acanthosis Nigricans? Despite being termed a 'rare disease', studies suggest that acanthosis nigricans is quite common among obese individuals. In fact, at least 50% of adults who weigh double their ideal body weight reportedly show signs of acanthosis nigricans. This reaffirms the strong link between obesity, insulin resistance, and this skin condition. What Are Symptoms Of Acanthosis Nigricans? Typical acanthosis nigricans symptoms include: Brown or black patches on the skin Skin that feels velvety The presence of skin tags Itchiness Symptoms typically develop gradually. However, if they appear suddenly, it's crucial to see a dermatologist immediately, as this could indicate cancer. How Is Acanthosis Nigricans Diagnosed? Acanthosis nigricans diagnosis is usually based on physical examination and medical history review. Sometimes, blood work or skin biopsy may be required for a confirmed diagnosis. Will Acanthosis Nigricans Go Away on its Own? Unfortunately, acanthosis nigricans won't go away on its own. However, addressing the underlying cause often helps restore the skin's normal colour and texture. Is Acanthosis Nigricans Reversible? Yes, acanthosis nigricans is reversible with the right treatment! While dark spots may not completely disappear, significant improvement can be observed post-treatment. What Is The Treatment For Acanthosis Nigricans? The treatment for acanthosis nigricans primarily focuses on addressing the underlying acanthosis nigricans causes, such as insulin resistance or obesity. Effective acanthosis nigricans treatment often involves lifestyle changes, such as weight loss and dietary adjustments, which can enhance insulin sensitivity and may help reduce the skin symptoms. Topical treatments can help lighten the dark skin. This includes prescription creams with retinoids, which help in skin exfoliation and dark patches reduction. In some cases, dermatologists may recommend laser therapy or chemical peels for cosmetic improvement. For those with insulin resistance, medications may be prescribed to help manage blood sugar levels, which can lead to improvements in skin appearance. While acanthosis nigricans isn’t dangerous, addressing the underlying issue is important for better overall health and can really improve quality of life for affected individuals. How Can I Manage Acanthosis Nigricans? Managing acanthosis nigricans involves addressing elevated insulin levels if they are causative factors. This usually means adopting healthy lifestyle like maintaining a healthy weight and following a balanced diet. Can Acanthosis Nigricans Be Prevented? In cases where obesity is causing acanthosis nigricans, prevention is possible through weight management. Following a diet that regulates blood sugar levels can also aid in preventing this condition. What Is the Outlook for People with Acanthosis Nigricans? While the presence of acanthosis nigricans itself isn’t dangerous, it indicates a need for lifestyle changes or medical intervention to manage underlying conditions like diabetes or obesity. With proper care and management, individuals can still continue to live a normal, healthy lives despite having acanthosis nigricans. When Should I See a Dermatologist About Acanthosis Nigricans? You should consult a dermatologist as soon as you notice any changes in your skin texture or color. Remember, early detection is key to managing acanthosis nigricans effectively! Conclusion Taking charge of your health starts with understanding your body and recognising when something feels off. If you notice any signs of acanthosis nigricans, don't panic. Instead, consult your doctor, and take it as a cue to reassess your lifestyle choices and health habits. At Metropolis Healthcare, we are committed to empowering you with the knowledge and diagnostic services necessary for a confident healthcare journey. With our network of advanced diagnostic labs and convenient at-home sample collection provides a seamless experience for our patients. Choose Metropolis for reliable, accurate pathology testing and comprehensive health check-up services. Your health deserves the best!

Introduction Hair is often viewed as a symbol of self-expression, style, and confidence. Imagine the distress you would feel if you woke up one day to find small patches of hair missing from your scalp! This is the reality for people living with alopecia areata, a condition causing hair loss in patches. Alopecia areata can affect anyone, regardless of age or gender. It's a common autoimmune disease where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its hair follicles, resulting in hair loss mainly on the scalp but sometimes elsewhere on the body as well. This article aims to provide an overview of this condition – from its causes and symptoms to diagnosis and treatment methods. What Is Alopecia Areata? Often characterised by hair loss in patches, alopecia areata is a type of autoimmune disease. This means that your own immune system starts attacking healthy cells in your body – in this case, the hair follicles. This attack inhibits the growth of new hair strands and leads to unpredictable hair loss in small coin-sized rounds or patches. Who Gets Alopecia Areata? Alopecia areata does not discriminate when it comes to age or gender – it can affect men and women equally. The onset often occurs during teenage years or early twenties but it can start at any age. In fact, when children under 10 are diagnosed with alopecia areata, the progression tends to be more extensive. How Common Is Alopecia Areata? According to reliable studies, alopecia areata affects approximately 7 million people in the United States alone. This makes it the second-most common form of hair loss, next to male and female pattern baldness. Among those affected, 5% have Alopecia Areata Totalis (loss of all scalp hair) and 1% have Alopecia Areata Universalis (complete hair loss on the scalp and body). What Happens If You Have Alopecia Areata? Alopecia areata mainly affects your physical appearance, causing hair loss in patches. In some cases, it can also impact your nails, leading to dents or pits. While it doesn't typically affect your physical health directly, it can significantly impact how you perceive yourself and interact with others. This can lead to psychological stress, anxiety, and in some cases, depression. What Are the Symptoms of Alopecia Areata? The most identifiable symptom of alopecia areata is hair loss in patches on the scalp or elsewhere on the body. You might also notice changes to your nails such as dents or pits that give them a sandy or gritty texture. However, not everyone experiences these typical symptoms. Rarely, patchy areas might itch or change colour. In certain cases, black dots (cadaver hairs) may be visible in hair follicles. Sometimes short hairs that are thicker at the top and narrow towards your scalp (exclamation point hairs) may grow out. What Causes Alopecia Areata? While we know that alopecia areata is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks hair follicles, medical experts are yet to understand why this happens. It appears that genetics play a role as those who have a family member with the condition are more likely to get it themselves. Certain triggers could also stimulate the onset of the disease. These may include: * Asthma * Down Syndrome * Pernicious anaemia * Seasonal allergies * Thyroid disease * Vitiligo Is Alopecia Areata Contagious? Contrary to some misconceptions, alopecia areata is not contagious. It cannot be spread through skin-to-skin contact, shared belongings or through the air. It's primarily a result of an autoimmune response and genetic predisposition. How Is Alopecia Areata Diagnosed? Diagnosing alopecia areata involves medical consultation and examination. Your doctor will likely: 1. Perform a physical exam: This involves examining the patches of hair loss on your scalp or other parts of your body. 2. Ask about your diet and hair care routine: Unhealthy diet or harsh hair care routines can contribute to hair loss. 3. Conduct a blood test: This can help uncover any medical conditions that are causing hair loss. 4. Pull Test: The doctor gently pulls several dozen hairs to see how many come out. This helps determine the stage of the shedding process. 5. Scalp biopsy: A small sample from your scalp or from a few plucked hairs is examined under a microscope to check if an infection is causing hair loss. What Tests Will Be Done To Diagnose Alopecia Areata? Your healthcare provider may perform several tests to diagnose alopecia areata. These tests could include: A physical examination of bald spots on your scalp or body. Checking your scalp for signs of infections. Collecting a sample of your hair for lab analysis. Conducting a scalp biopsy to look for skin diseases. Performing blood tests to rule out other conditions. Can Alopecia Areata Go Away? Unfortunately, there's no permanent cure for alopecia areata. However, with effective alopecia areata treatment, it can be managed successfully. This means hair can regrow over time but may fall out again later. How Is Alopecia Areata Managed? Managing alopecia areata involves various treatments that aim to spur hair growth back. Some commonly used methods include: Corticosteroids: These anti-inflammatory drugs can either be taken orally or applied topically to the affected areas. Topical immunotherapy: This involves applying chemicals to the scalp to produce an allergic reaction which can stimulate hair growth. Minoxidil (Rogaine): This over-the-counter medication can help promote hair growth in some people. It's essential to consult your healthcare provider before starting any alopecia areata medication to ensure it's suitable for you. Can Hair Grow Back From Alopecia? Yes, with effective alopecia areata therapy, hair can grow back. The regrowth timeframe can differ from person to person, ranging from four weeks to several months. How Can I Prevent Alopecia Areata? Preventing alopecia areata is challenging due to its autoimmune nature. However, managing stress levels, maintaining a balanced diet, and using gentle hair products could potentially reduce the risk of triggering the condition. What Can I Expect If I Have Alopecia Areata? If you're diagnosed with alopecia areata, expect occasional flare-ups and periods of remission. Depending on your treatment's effectiveness, you may see new hair growth within a few weeks or months. How Do I Take Care of Myself? Living with alopecia areata demands adopting certain self-care measures like using makeup to conceal hair loss, wearing protective coverings, and eating a balanced diet rich in vitamins and minerals that promote hair growth. Things To Avoid When You Have Alopecia Areata When living with alopecia areata, avoid factors that could potentially worsen your condition like excessive stress, hair products containing harsh chemicals, or fad diets that may lead to nutrient deficiencies. When To See A Doctor? Seek immediate medical help if you notice sudden hair loss in patches or if your symptoms don't improve despite undergoing alopecia areata treatment. Conclusion While living with alopecia areata can be challenging, understanding its causes, symptoms, and treatment options can empower you to manage the condition effectively. Remember, early diagnosis and treatment can significantly enhance the chances of successful hair regrowth. Therefore, if you or a loved one is dealing with this condition, consider reaching out to Metropolis Healthcare for diagnostic services. With a qualified team of professionals providing accurate pathology testing at your doorstep, managing your health just got simpler.

Introduction Elephantiasis, also known as Lymphatic Filariasis, is a condition that many people are not familiar with, yet it significantly impacts numerous lives across the globe. This parasitic infection is recognised by severe swelling of body parts, particularly the lower extremities. Just imagine waking up one day to see your own leg swollen to several times its original size. It could be frightening! This blog aims to shed light on this condition - its symptoms, causes, and treatment options - to help you understand elephantiasis better and learn how to manage it effectively. What Is Elephantiasis? Elephantiasis or lymphatic filariasis is a parasitic disease transmitted by mosquitoes. It's named 'elephantiasis' due to the often enlarged limbs that resemble an elephant's leg caused by extreme fluid retention. The parasites responsible are thread-like worms that inhabit the human lymph system. The adult worms clog the lymphatic system causing fluid to build up resulting in swelling of body parts known as lymphedema. How Common Is Elephantiasis (Lymphatic Filariasis)? Elephantiasis affects about 120 million people worldwide — 1.5% of the global population. It's predominant in tropical climates where sanitary conditions are poor. Countries in Asia, Africa and South America report higher cases. However, it's rare for short-term visitors to these countries to contract the disease; prolonged exposure to the elephantiasis mosquito over months or years is typically required for infection. What Are The Symptoms of Elephantiasis? Elephantiasis can initially be asymptomatic, making early detection challenging. However, as it progresses, elephantiasis symptoms start appearing including: Filarial fever: Episodes of fever, accompanied by pain, inflammation, and swelling in the affected region. Lymphedema: Swelling in limbs, genitalia, or breasts due to the accumulation of lymphatic fluid. Pain and discomfort: Discomfort and pain in the affected areas. Inflammatory responses: Redness, warmth or tenderness in the inflamed body parts. It's important to seek medical attention upon noticing any of these symptoms for diagnosis and appropriate management. What Causes Elephantiasis? The primary cause of lymphatic filariasis is parasitic worms transmitted through mosquito bites. However, several risk factors contribute to the spread of this disease including: Location: Living in or travelling to areas where the parasite is prevalent. Poor sanitation: Inadequate sanitation and lack of clean water supply. Mosquito exposure: Increased exposure to mosquitoes during peak activity hours. Weakened immune system: Individuals with compromised immune systems or pre-existing infections may be more susceptible. How Does Lymphatic Filariasis Spread? Lymphatic filariasis spreads when an infected mosquito bites a non-infected individual transferring the filarial parasites into their bloodstream. These worms travel to the lymphatic system where they grow into adult worms over several months or even years. Over time, damage to your lymphatic system may weaken your immunity leading to frequent infections. What Are The Complications of Elephantiasis? If unchecked, elephantiasis can lead to several complications such as: Frequent bacterial infections Thickened skin and fluid retention leading to painful, swollen and enlarged body parts Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia syndrome — an increase in white blood cells causing coughing and breathing difficulties How Is Elephantiasis Diagnosed? Diagnosis of elephantiasis involves examining a blood sample for the presence of filarial worms. This may involve: Microscopic blood test: The blood sample is viewed under a microscope to detect filarial worms. Antibody test: The blood sample is tested for antibodies produced in response to infection. Upon diagnosis, healthcare providers will recommend suitable elephantiasis treatments. While there's no specific elephantiasis vaccine, preventive measures include avoiding mosquito bites, improving sanitation, and preventative drug therapy. How Is Elephantiasis Treated? The approach towards treating elephantiasis varies significantly depending on the severity of the symptoms. Here are some common methods employed by healthcare providers: 1. Antiparasitic Drugs: Medications like Ivermectin (Stromectol®), Diethylcarbamazine (Hetrazan®) or Albendazole (Albenza®) are used extensively in elephantiasis treatment. These drugs serve to either eliminate adult worms in your blood or restrict their reproduction. Regularly taking these medications once a year can prevent passing the infection onto others. 2. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove dead worms from your bloodstream or relieve fluid buildup in the scrotum caused by filariasis. 3. Elephantiasis Management Techniques: Healthcare providers recommend strategies to control swelling such as elevation or compression garments. Side Effects of Elephantiasis Treatment Remember, if you are on filariasis medications, you require careful monitoring from a healthcare provider. Antiparasitic drugs can lead to severe side effects, including dizziness, fever, headache, muscle or joint pain, and nausea. Is There A Cure For Lymphatic Filariasis? While elephantiasis lymphatic filariasis doesn’t have a known cure or elephantiasis vaccine, medication can kill many of the worms and prevent you from spreading the infection to others. Treatment can also considerably reduce your symptoms. Can Elephantiasis Be Prevented? The best form of prevention is avoiding mosquito bites. Wondering why mosquitoes? Well, elephantiasis is commonly spread by the elephantiasis mosquito, particularly in regions where the disease is prevalent. Here are some strategies to safeguard yourself: Sleep under a mosquito net. Wear long-sleeves and long pants to cover your skin. Use mosquito repellent on exposed skin. If you have already developed elephantiasis symptoms, here are some ways you can prevent the swelling from worsening: Keep the area clean by washing it with soap and water every day. Elevate the swollen leg or arm to drain the fluid. Perform exercises that get the fluid moving. Use antibacterial or antifungal cream on wounds if necessary. Wear shoes that fit your foot size to protect from injury. What Can I Expect If I Have Elephantiasis? Living with elephantiasis often brings along negative social impacts due to visible symptoms like extreme swelling. Chronic swelling or pain may also affect an individual’s ability to work. While there is no cure for elephantiasis, managing the condition and reducing its symptoms is possible with proper healthcare intervention. When To See A Doctor? If you notice unexplained swelling or thickening of your skin—particularly in your arms, legs, breasts, scrotum or vulva, it’s crucial to consult a healthcare provider. They can run tests to confirm or rule out a diagnosis. Conclusion Whilst elephantiasis is a debilitating disease, understanding its symptoms, causes, and available treatment options can empower individuals to manage this condition effectively. Regular check-ups are crucial for early detection and successful management of this disease. Consider reaching out to Metropolis Healthcare for accurate pathology testing. With a team of qualified technicians providing at-home sample collection services, Metropolis is committed to delivering reliable results empowering patients in prioritising their health. Book your at-home test today and take a step towards better health with Metropolis Healthcare.

What Is Dysentery? Dysentery is an inflammatory condition of the intestine, primarily caused by bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections. It results in severe diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and sometimes blood in the stool, which can be very distressing. There are two main types of dysentery: bacterial dysentery and amoebic dysentery, each with different causes and treatments. While this may sound concerning, learning about the condition can help alleviate your concerns. Knowing the symptoms and treatments is important for your overall health and well-being. By staying informed, you can take preventive steps and seek medical help when needed. Let’s take a closer look at this condition and discuss how to manage it effectively and safely together! Who Does dysentery affect? Anyone can get dysentery, but it’s more common in tropical areas with poor water sanitation. Practice good hygiene, like washing your hands often, helps lower your risk. Be careful about the water and food you consume, especially when traveling. Stick to bottled water and cooked foods in high-risk areas. Learning about prevention is essential for protecting yourself and your family. How Common Is Dysentery? Dysentery affects around 1.7 billion people each year. Staying informed and taking preventive measures is crucial for protecting your health. What are the Symptoms of Dysentery? Symptoms of dysentery can differ depending on the type. Here are the signs to watch for: Amoebic Dysentery: Most people with amoebic dysentery might not exhibit any symptoms. However, in some cases, mild symptoms can include: Diarrhoea High fever Nausea and vomiting Weight loss Upset stomach In rare cases, the parasite can spread to other parts of the body, potentially causing an abscess. Bacillary Dysentery: Symptoms of bacillary dysentery can include: Diarrhoea containing blood or mucus High fever Nausea and vomiting Painful stomach cramps (abdominal pain) While these symptoms can be quite concerning, effective treatment can help relieve them and support recovery. Does Dysentery Cause Death? If untreated, dysentery can lead to severe complications, including large intestine dilation, acute kidney disease, and even death, especially in young children and the elderly. What are the Causes of Dysentery? The main causes of dysentery are poor sanitation and inadequate hygiene practices. Bacterial dysentery usually arises from consuming food or water contaminated with harmful bacteria such as Shigella, Campylobacter, Salmonella, or E. coli. On the other hand, amoebic dysentery is typically caused by ingesting food or water contaminated with a single-celled parasite called Entamoeba histolytica. Remember our discussion about handwashing? Poor hand hygiene by infected individuals can significantly contribute to the spread of dysentery. Other common transmission methods include swimming in contaminated water, which can be particularly risky, and direct contact with an infected person. Maintaining good hygiene and sanitation is essential to preventing this serious illness and protecting public health. Is Dysentery Contagious? Yes, dysentery is very contagious. Amoebic dysentery usually spreads from contaminated food or water. It can also spread through oral-anal sexual contact. How is Dysentery Diagnosed? If you suspect dysentery, consult your healthcare provider for evaluation. They will check your symptoms, review your recent travel history, and may perform tests like stool analysis to identify the infection. What Tests will be Done to Diagnose Dysentery? Healthcare professionals may recommend several tests to accurately diagnose dysentery: Blood Tests: These check your blood count, electrolyte levels, and kidney function, helping assess the severity of diarrhoea and any complications. Stool Test: This analysis identifies specific bacteria, viruses, or parasites causing the diarrhoea, which is essential for effective treatment. Sigmoidoscopy or Colonoscopy: These procedures allow doctors to visually inspect your colon and collect tissue samples if necessary. Upper Endoscopy: This enables examination of your stomach and upper small intestine for abnormalities. Imaging Tests: In some cases, X-rays or ultrasounds may assess the digestive system for additional issues. These tests are crucial for diagnosing dysentery, determining the most effective treatment plan for recovery, and improving overall health. What is the Fastest Way to Cure Dysentery? For amoebiasis, healthcare professionals typically prescribe antibiotic and antiprotozoal medication and OTC medicines for nausea. Bacillary dysentery often improves on its own within a week, but antibiotics and intravenous fluids may be needed. Home remedies include staying hydrated with water, broths, and juices, while avoiding caffeine and alcohol. Gradually add semisolid, low-fiber foods like crackers, toast, rice, and eggs as stools normalise. How do I Take Care of Myself? Dealing with dysentery can be challenging, but taking proactive steps can help you manage it effectively: Stay Hydrated: Drinking plenty of fluids is essential to prevent dehydration from diarrhoea. Gradual Dietary Changes: As your symptoms improve, shift from a liquid diet to semisolid and low-fiber foods. Get Plenty of Rest: Rest is crucial for recovery, so make sure you get enough sleep and take breaks. Consult a Healthcare Professional: Always consult a healthcare provider before starting any medication or supplement. How Soon After Treatment will I Feel Better? Recovery times differ by dysentery type. Amoebiasis patients usually improve in 14 days, while bacillary dysentery patients recover in one week. How can I Prevent Dysentery? To prevent dysentery, maintaining good hygiene is crucial. Regular handwashing is essential, especially when changing diapers for infected babies. Avoiding swallowing water while swimming can also help. Understanding the causes of dysentery aids in developing effective prevention strategies. When visiting areas where amoebic dysentery is common, be cautious about: Ice in drinks Open bottled water (boil if sealed bottles aren’t available) Food from street vendors Peeled fruits or vegetables unless you peel them yourself Unpasteurized dairy products like milk and cheese For safe drinking water, choose bottled water with unbroken seals, carbonated water in sealed containers, or soda in sealed cans. Boiling tap water for at least one minute or using a 1-micron filter with added chlorine or iodine tablets is also effective. Following these precautions can significantly reduce your risk of contracting dysentery, ensuring you stay healthy while traveling and enjoying new experiences. How Can I Avoid Spreading Dysentery? If you are diagnosed with dysentery, follow these guidelines to prevent spreading the infection: Avoid close contact with others Refrain from sexual contact Do not prepare meals for anyone else Avoid swimming Disinfect common surfaces like toilets, sinks and door handles regularly Wash your laundry in hot water (at least 60°C) What can I Expect if I have Dysentery? Dysentery can be challenging, but it is manageable. Most people recover successfully with proper diagnosis and treatment. However, untreated amoebiasis can cause severe health threats and can even be fatal. When to see a Doctor? It's crucial to seek medical attention if you experience severe abdominal pain, a fever of 102 degrees or higher, diarrhoea lasting more than 2 to 3 days, or signs of dehydration such as increased thirst, dry mouth/lips/eyes, low urine output, dark/strong-smelling urine, lightheadedness/dizziness, or fatigue. What’s the Difference Between Dysentery and Cholera? Both dysentery and cholera are diseases that affect the digestive system, but they have different causes. Dysentery can be classified into two main forms: amoebiasis, linked to parasites like E. histolytica, and bacillary dysentery, caused by bacteria such as Shigella. The bacteria Vibrio cholerae causes cholera. Conclusion In conclusion, managing dysentery effectively requires awareness about its causes, symptoms, and treatments. It's crucial to maintain good hygiene practices and seek medical help promptly if you suspect dysentery. Consider exploring Metropolis Healthcare's website for more accurate pathology testing and health check-up services. Our dedicated team of blood collection technicians can visit your home for sample collection, ensuring a smooth diagnostic process. Prioritise your health today with Metropolis Healthcare's reliable results and personalised care!

Introduction It's common for people to feel fatigued occasionally. However, if the fatigue persists alongside other symptoms like weakness or confusion, it could be a sign of an underlying condition like pernicious anaemia. So what is this health condition? How does it affect us? And what steps can we take towards its prevention? Pernicious anaemia is a type of vitamin B12 deficiency that affects the body's ability to produce healthy red blood cells. This deficiency occurs when the body cannot absorb vitamin B12 due to a lack of intrinsic factor, a protein produced by the stomach essential for absorbing dietary vitamin B12. In this article, we will delve into its causes, symptoms, diagnosis methods, treatment options, and preventive measures. What is Pernicious Anaemia? The word "anaemia" refers to a state where the body lacks enough healthy red blood cells or haemoglobin. Haemoglobin is the part of red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen to the body's tissues. Therefore, various forms of anaemia can lead to oxygen deprivation in certain parts of the body resulting in fatigue and weakness. Pernicious anaemia is a specific form of B12 deficiency anaemia primarily caused by an autoimmune response. This response leads to diminished production of a substance known as an intrinsic factor in the stomach. This substance is crucial as it helps absorb dietary vitamin B12 in the small intestine - a nutrient vital for proper red blood cell function. How Does Pernicious Anaemia Affect? The human body needs adequate vitamin B12 to produce healthy red blood cells. A deficiency of B12, as seen in pernicious anaemia, leads to a decrease in red blood cell production, resulting in less oxygen being transported to the body's tissues. This can cause a range of symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. Prolonged B12 deficiency can also lead to neurological complications like memory loss and depression. Who is Affected by Pernicious Anaemia? While pernicious anaemia affects people from different age groups and ethnicities, certain individuals are at a higher risk. These include people with a family history of the disease, those of Northern European or Scandinavian descent, and individuals over 60. What are Pernicious Anaemia Symptoms? The symptoms of pernicious anaemia progress slowly, making them hard to recognize initially. You may have become used to not feeling well, and therefore overlook these tell-tale signs: Fatigue Weakness Headaches Chest pain Weight loss Pale skin In severe cases or if left untreated for long periods, more serious pernicious anemia symptoms can emerge due to neurological damage: Unsteady gait Peripheral neuropathy (numbness in arms and legs) Muscle weakness Depression Memory loss Dementia What are Examples of Pernicious Anaemia Symptoms Caused by Long-Term Low Vitamin B12 Levels? If vitamin B12 levels remain low for an extended period due to pernicious anaemia, it can lead to: Numbness in the arms and legs Confusion Depression Memory loss Dementia These neurological symptoms arise from damage to the nervous system caused by prolonged vitamin B12 deficiency. Can I have Pernicious Anaemia Without Having Symptoms? Yes, it is possible to have pernicious anaemia without experiencing noticeable symptoms. This is why it is essential to undergo regular health check-ups, especially if you are at a higher risk or over 60 years old. What Causes Pernicious Anaemia? The inability to absorb vitamin B12 due to a lack of intrinsic factors characterises pernicious anaemia. There are two significant causes of pernicious anaemia: autoimmune and genetic. In most cases, the body's immune system attacks and destroys the cells (parietal cells) in the stomach that produce intrinsic factors. In other cases, it may be due to a genetic defect that prevents the production of intrinsic factors. Certain risk factors make some individuals more prone to developing pernicious anaemia: Family history of the disease Being of Northern European or Scandinavian descent Having type 1 diabetes mellitus Having had part of your stomach removed Being 60 years or older How is Pernicious Anaemia Diagnosed? If you suspect you have pernicious anaemia, your doctor may suggest multiple tests such as: Complete Blood Count (CBC) Vitamin B12 level test Intrinsic factor and parietal cell antibodies test These tests help evaluate red blood cell count, assess vitamin B12 levels, and check for antibodies against intrinsic factors and parietal cells necessary for absorbing B12. How is Pernicious Anaemia Treated? The pernicious anaemia treatment involves a two-step process: First, your doctor will treat any existing vitamin B12 deficiency through injections or high-dose oral supplements. Once your vitamin B12 levels return to normal, you may only need monthly injections, or your doctor may recommend switching to oral supplements. Remember, it's crucial to start treatment as soon as possible to prevent irreversible nerve damage. How Soon After Treatment Will I Feel Better? The recovery period after starting treatment varies from person to person. Some may start feeling better within a few days, while others may take a few weeks. It's crucial to consult with your healthcare provider for a personalised recovery plan. How Can I Reduce My Risk of Developing Pernicious Anemia? Maintaining a balanced diet rich in vitamin B12 can help reduce the risk. Foods like meat, poultry, shellfish, eggs, and fortified nondairy milk are excellent sources of vitamin B12. What Can I Expect if I Have Pernicious Anaemia? Pernicious anaemia generally requires long-term treatment and monitoring. By starting early with treatment and regular check-ups, you can prevent complications and maintain good health. How Do I Take Care of Myself? Regular monitoring of your health, maintaining a balanced diet, and adhering to prescribed medication are vital. Always consult your healthcare provider before making any changes to your medication or diet. How Often Should I See my Doctor? You should see your doctor regularly based on their recommendation. This could range from every few months to once a year. Conclusion While pernicious anaemia can pose significant health challenges, understanding its symptoms, causes, and treatments can empower you on your journey towards better health. Regular medical check-ups are essential in managing this condition effectively and preventing potential complications. At Metropolis Healthcare, we offer at-home sample collection services and advanced diagnostic labs to make the process of monitoring your health effortless. Our accurate pathology testing and health check-up services are designed with a patient-centric approach, making healthcare accessible and personalised. Don't overlook your health; take control today by scheduling an at-home sample collection appointment with us. Remember, when it comes to your health, every step matters. And we'll be there with you on every step of that journey.

Introduction Dermatomyositis is an uncommon inflammatory disease that confounds many with its unique combination of muscle weakness and a distinctive skin rash. If you or a loved one have received this diagnosis, it's natural to feel overwhelmed. Hope lies in understanding this condition, its causes, symptoms, diagnosis methods, and most importantly, the effective ways of managing it to live a full life. What Is Dermatomyositis? Dermatomyositis refers to a rare inflammatory disease marked by muscle weakness and a distinct skin rash. The muscular weakness usually affects your neck, hip, back, and shoulders. The characteristic rash associated with dermatomyositis appears as red or purple spots on sun-exposed areas such as the face, knuckles, elbows, knees, and toes. Dermatomyositis vs Lupus Dermatomyositis may seem similar to other autoimmune diseases like lupus due to overlapping symptoms. However, it's important to distinguish between them for accurate treatment strategies. While lupus might cause joint pain, skin sensitivities and rashes along with issues with your internal organs like the heart & kidneys, dermatomyositis predominantly leads to muscle weakness and degeneration coupled with a unique skin rash. Who Does Dermatomyositis Affect? While dermatomyositis can occur at any age: In adults, it typically occurs in the late 40s to early 60s. In children - referred to as juvenile dermatomyositis - it occurs most often between 5 and 15 years of age. The condition affects more females than males, possibly due to hormonal or genetic factors. How Common Is Dermatomyositis? Dermatomyositis is a rare disease with an estimated prevalence of only 1 in every 100,000 people per year. Despite its scarcity, the impacts on those affected can be significant and long-lasting. How Does Dermatomyositis Affect My Body? Dermatomyositis can cause your muscles to weaken over time, leading to difficulty in performing tasks like rising from a chair or getting out of bed. Severe muscle weakness may also affect your heart, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs, sometimes causing breathing problems. Additionally, dermatomyositis has been linked with an increased risk of certain types of cancer. Statistics show that approximately 15% of individuals with dermatomyositis develop cancer later in life. The most common cancers include ovarian, lung, lymphoma, breast, and colon cancer. What Are The Symptoms of Dermatomyositis? The symptoms of dermatomyositis are usually due to swelling and inflammation in the blood vessels that supply your skin and muscles. Some key symptoms include: Red or purple rash on sun-exposed areas Red or purple swelling of upper eyelids Red or purple spots on knuckles, elbows, knees, toes Joints turning pale and painful under cold conditions Scaly, rough, dry skin leading to hair thinning If you notice any such symptoms persistently occurring in your body or a loved one's body without any identifiable cause, it is prudent to consult a healthcare provider for further diagnosis. What Causes Dermatomyositis? While the exact cause remains elusive, experts hint towards multiple potential causes for dermatomyositis. These include genetic factors which might make you more susceptible to the disease. It is also theorised as an autoimmune condition where your body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue leading to inflammation and muscle weakness. Some studies also suggest that living in polluted areas or areas with low air quality might increase your chances of developing dermatomyositis. How Is Dermatomyositis Diagnosed? The path to diagnosis usually starts with your medical history. Your healthcare provider will look for signs of underlying diseases, such as dermatomyositis cancer. It's vital that you inform your doctor about any sudden muscle weakness or distinctive rashes like dermatomyositis rash that you might have observed. Medical tests that can help diagnose dermatomyositis include: Blood Tests: To look for signs of muscle inflammation or abnormal proteins that indicate autoimmune disease. Electromyogram (EMG): To identify abnormal electrical activity in affected muscles. MRI: An imaging test to detect inflammation in the body. Skin or Muscle Biopsy: Tiny tissue samples are taken to be examined under a microscope. Prompt diagnosis helps initiate early treatment and better management of dermatomyositis. How Is Dermatomyositis Treated? Although there's no cure for the condition, dermatomyositis treatment focuses on managing symptoms. The strategies and medications your doctor prescribes will depend on your symptoms, age, and overall health. Here’s what dermatomyositis therapies generally entail: Physical Therapy: Special exercises help stretch and strengthen muscles. Orthotics or assistive devices may be used. Skin Treatment: To prevent skin rashes, avoid sun exposure, wear sunscreen, and use antihistamine drugs or steroid creams as prescribed by your doctor. Anti-Inflammatory Medications: Steroids can ease inflammation in the body and improve muscle strength. Immunosuppressive Drugs: These slow down your body's immune system and can control inflammation. Remember that consistent, regular communication with your healthcare providers about the benefits, risks, and side effects of all medications is crucial. How Do I Manage My Dermatomyositis Symptoms? Living with dermatomyositis requires long-term commitment to manage symptoms effectively. Here are some key strategies: Follow Your Therapy: Carry out the exercises suggested by your physical therapist diligently to maintain muscle strength. Adhere to Medication Schedule: Take prescribed medications consistently. Protect your Skin: Avoid UV exposure, apply sunscreen (SPF 50 or more) regularly while outdoors, and avoid indoor tanning beds. Schedule Regular Check-ups: Regular monitoring of your condition is essential to ensure it isn’t worsening. By adhering to these remedies and lifestyle modifications, you can lead a comfortable life despite dermatomyositis. How Soon After Treatment Will I Feel Better? Patience is key when treating dermatomyositis. Following the start of dermatomyositis treatment, improvements might take months to become evident due to variations in treatment responses. Over time, most people regain their original levels of muscle strength, leading to improved daily functionality and quality of life. What Can I Expect If I Have Dermatomyositis? While there's no permanent cure for dermatomyositis, with treatment, most symptoms can be managed effectively. However, around 80% of individuals experience chronic dermatomyositis, where symptoms wax and wane over a lifetime. It is essential to connect with your healthcare provider as soon as you notice a symptom flare-up. What Is The Life Expectancy of Someone With Dermatomyositis? Although living with dermatomyositis can be challenging, many people successfully manage their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives. Factors such as disease severity, age, response to treatment, and presence of complications determine overall survival. Regular follow-ups and adherence to the prescribed treatment regimen are the cornerstones of successful long-term management. When To See A Doctor? If you notice new muscle weakness or a skin rash, it's crucial to see your healthcare provider immediately. Early diagnosis and commencement of treatment are key in effectively managing dermatomyositis and reducing severe symptoms or complications. Conclusion Living with dermatomyositis can undeniably be challenging, but with understanding and proper management strategies, it is entirely possible to lead a fulfilling life. This involves recognising the symptoms early, seeking timely medical advice, and adhering to prescribed treatment plans. Metropolis Healthcare, a leading chain of diagnostic labs across India, provides pathology testing and health check-up services right at your doorstep. Their qualified technicians, advanced diagnostic labs, and convenient report sharing make it easy for you to take charge of your health. Remember, understanding your health conditions is the first step towards managing them effectively.

What is Urinary Retention? The human body is a fascinating system that performs countless functions daily, often without our awareness, including urination. While it may seem simple, but there are many underlying processes which are involved. Disruptions such as urinary retention can lead to discomfort and pose health risks. Let’s delve deeper into the meaning of urinary retention. How Common is Urinary Retention? Urinary retention is a condition where the bladder doesn’t empty completely or at all during urination. It can occur suddenly (acute) or develop slowly over time (chronic). The acute form is considered as an emergency and needs quick medical help, while chronic urinary retention has more gradual symptoms. It affects both sexes, but is most common in men aged 60 to 80. About 10% of men over 70 and up to 30% of men over 80 may experience this issue. What are the Types of Urinary Retention? There are two main types of urinary retention: Acute Urinary Retention: This type occurs suddenly and can be severe. It often leads to a complete inability to urinate, causing pain and discomfort. Acute urinary retention typically requires immediate medical attention to relieve the blockage and prevent complications. Chronic Urinary Retention: This type develops gradually over time. People may still be able to urinate, but they often have difficulty emptying their bladder completely. Symptoms may include a weak urine stream, frequent urination, and the feeling of pressure in the bladder. Chronic urinary retention can lead to long-term issues if not addressed. Understanding these types helps in identifying symptoms and seeking the right treatment. What are the Symptoms of Urinary Retention? Acute Urinary Retention Symptoms In acute urinary retention, symptoms occur suddenly. You may feel hard to urinate or pass only a little, despite feeling the urge to go. This can lead to pain or discomfort in your lower abdomen. Chronic Urinary Retention Symptoms The symptoms of chronic urinary retention vary from person to person and tend to build up over time. These may include: Difficulty starting to urination  A weak or slow urine stream Feeling the need to urinate again soon after urinating  Frequent urine leakage Waking up several times at night to urinate (Nocturia) What Causes Urinary Retention? Urinary retention can occur due to several factors: Blockage: A blockage in the urinary system can stop urine from flowing freely, which may be caused by an enlarged prostate, tumors, or kidney stone. Medications: Some medications can impact the bladder as well as urethra muscles, leading to urinary retention. These includes certain antidepressants, antihistamines, and medications for high blood pressure. Nerve Issues: The nerves that regulate bladder function are essential for proper urination. When conditions like stroke, diabetes, multiple sclerosis (MS), or other neurological disorders affect these nerves, it can result in urinary retention. Infection or Swelling: Infections or inflammation in the urinary tract or prostate can lead to swelling that obstructs urine flow. Surgery: Urinary retention can occur as a complication after certain surgeries. For example, procedures involving the lower part of the body may disrupt the nerve signals to the bladder and urethra. What are the Risk Factors for Urinary Retention? Although anyone can experience urinary retention, certain factors increase the risk. These include being male and over 50, having a history of neurological disorders, long-term use of specific medications, and recently undergoing lower body surgery. What are the Complications of Urinary Retention? Untreated urinary retention can lead to complications like urinary tract infections (UTIs), bladder damage, and kidney damage. Therefore, it’s crucial to seek medical attention if you notice any symptoms. How is Urinary Retention Diagnosed? To diagnose urinary retention, your doctor will consider your symptoms and medical history while conducting a physical examination to find out the cause. They may ask about your urine flow, any pain or discomfort you’re experiencing, and will check your lower abdomen for signs of bladder distention. How is Urinary Retention Treated? Treatment For Acute Urinary Retention Acute urinary retention is a medical emergency and requires immediate treatment, often in the form of catheterisation to drain the bladder. Treatment For Chronic Urinary Retention For chronic urinary retention, your doctor will recommend the best treatment based on the underlying cause. This may involve medications, surgery, or nonsurgical options like lifestyle changes. Medication: Medications are often prescribed to address the root causes of urinary retention. For example, alpha-blockers and 5-alpha reductase inhibitors are used to treat enlarged prostate, while antibiotics are used to treat infections contributing to urinary retention. Surgery: In severe cases, surgical procedures may be necessary. These could involve removing blockages in the urinary tract or rectifying structural abnormalities. Nonsurgical Treatments: Nonsurgical treatments for urinary retention may involve lifestyle changes, such as modifications your diet and fluid intake, bladder training exercises, pelvic floor exercises, and avoiding medications which can worsen urinary retention. Can you Prevent Urinary Retention? Prevention involves managing risk factors like controlling diabetes and other neurological disorders, discussing alternative medications with your doctor if you're on medicine that increase your risk, maintaining good bladder habits, responding promptly to the urge to urinate and staying well-hydrated. Can You Still Pee With Urinary retention? Yes, some people with urinary retention may still be able to pass a small amount of urine. Urinary retention means that either you can’t urinate at all or your bladder doesn’t empty completely when you do. In some cases, this can lead to urine leakage, known as overflow incontinence, where urine dribbles out due to the bladder being too full. What can I Expect if I have Urinary Retention? If diagnosed with urinary retention, it's important to follow your doctor’s treatment plan and attend all follow-up appointments. With the right treatment, many people experience relief from their symptoms, which can greatly improve their quality of life. When Should I See a Doctor? If you're experiencing symptoms of urinary retention, it's important to seek a medical attention immediately. Symptoms may include difficulty starting to urinate, a weak or slow urine stream, frequent urine leakage, discomfort in the lower abdomen or urinary tract, or a strong, persistent urge to urinate. Conclusion Urinary retention can be a discomforting condition that impacts your daily life. However, with a clear understanding of its causes, symptoms, and treatments, it can be managed effectively. Remember, it's essential to seek medical help if you are experiencing any symptoms of urinary retention. At Metropolis Healthcare, we believe in empowering our patients with information and diagnostic services to take charge of their health. Reach out today to learn how we can help you on your journey to better health. From at-home blood samples collection by trained phlebotomists to patient-centric services backed by advanced technology labs, your health is our priority.